Islam

First published in paperback, this acclaimed new translation of The Qur'an offers English readers a chance to experience one of the most significant religious texts in human history. This sacred scripture of Islam is considered by Muslims to be the infallible word of God, as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel. These divine revelations, which occurred over...

Karen Armstrong's Islam offers a riveting exploration of one of the world's most prominent yet often misunderstood religions. Through her elegant prose and profound insights, Armstrong delves into the historical and cultural evolution of Islam, meticulously tracing its roots from the ancient traditions of Judaism and Christianity. Her narrative introduces us to the life and character of Muhammad, whom she...

This book is the first to explore and highlight the history of the plants mentioned in the Qur’an, many of which are part of our everyday life, from pomegranates and grapes to ginger and garlic. Author Shahina A. Ghazanfar explores the context in which these plants are mentioned in the Qur’an — mainly as food plants, as well as for...

Today, the issue of Muslim women is held hostage between two perceptions: a conservative Islamic approach and a liberal Western approach. At the heart of this debate, Muslim women are seeking to reclaim their right to speak in order to re-appropriate their own destinies, calling for the equality and liberation that is at the heart of the Qur'an. However, with...

THE CLEAR QURAN(R) Series is one of the most eloquent attempts to masterfully and accurately capture the elegance and vigor of the Quran in modern English. Its clarity for an average reader is evident in the choice of easy-to-understand words and phrases that reflect the original text's beauty, flow, and power. Along with just enough footnotes to clarify complex and...

The Qur'an is the word of Allah; it is the most eloquent and best of all speech. The Qur'an uses different rhetorical devices and parables to convey its message. Allah says in the Qur'an: 'We have given every type of parable in this Qur'an so that they can understand and think'. Allah conveys to us facts, stories, and examples, as...

Across the Islamic world, illuminating Korans from Morocco to Malaysia, and adorning mosques, mausoleums, and palaces, are hidden some of the most exquisite geometrical devices ever conceived by man. In this excellent little book, geometer Daud Sutton unravels the mystery of Islamic patterns, explaining where they come from, how to draw them, and hinting at the Divine messages they encode....

An epic history of Islam and the Middle East through the cities which best epitomised it. Islamic civilisation was once the envy of the world. From a succession of glittering, cosmopolitan capitals, Islamic empires lorded it over the Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia, and swathes of the Indian subcontinent. For centuries, the caliphate was both ascendant on the battlefield...

The Qur’an is a multifaceted text that can be challenging, especially for non-Arabic speakers relying solely on English translations. This book unlocks the rhetorical devices, structural features, and stylistic choices that the Qur’an employs and which are so vital to its meaning. While some of these subjects form an important part of the Arabic Qur’anic Studies curriculum—and are prioritised in...

A sensitive consideration of Mary, mother of Jesus, in the Qur'an. An entire chapter (surah) is dedicated to her, and she is the only woman mentioned by name in the Qur'an—indeed, her name appears more frequently than that of either Muhammad or Jesus. From the earliest times to the present day, Mary, the mother of Jesus, continues to be held...

Ramadan Kareem! Celebrate the joy of family and faith with this gorgeous board book! Our Neighborhood is a series of board books that celebrates every kid's culture so kids can find themselves, their family, and their friends in every book. Join an adorable kiddo in this ode to the Muslim observance of Ramadan. From spotting the crescent moon to celebrating...

The surprise election of Hasan Rouhani in 2013 has refocused attention on the dynamics between Islam and democracy in Iran after the hiatus of the Ahmadinejad presidency. With comparisons being drawn between Rouhani and his predecessor, the late Reformist President Mohammad Khatami, there has never been a better time for a close look at the rise and fall of the...

This monumental feat of translation, the product of a ten-year-long collaboration between one of our most respected scholars of Islam, Bruce B. Lawrence, and a poet and scholar of literature, M. A. R. Habib, The Qur'an: A Verse Translation offers readers the first rendering in English to echo, in accessible and fluent verse, the sonorous beauty of the Arabic original...

Colloquial Arabic storytelling is most commonly associated with The Thousand and One Nights. But few people are aware of a much larger corpus of narrative texts known as popular epic. These heroic romantic tales, originating in the Middle Ages, form vast cycles of adventure stories whose most remarkable feature is their portrayal of powerful and memorable women. Wildly appreciated by...

I.B.Tauris in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies introduces this open access work. Among the various Muslim communities that were articulating their doctrinal positions in the early Islamic centuries, one in particular was known derisively as the Ghulat ('extremists'). This was owing to their specific interpretation of Islam, which included an 'extreme' devotion to the Shi'i Imams and the...

What Every American Needs to Know About the Qur'an - A History of Islam & the United States You will be fascinated by this fast-paced, objective history of the world from a perspective you have never imagined. Current events will come into focus in the backdrop of 1,400 years of inconceivable yet true events and conflicts. Thousands of books, documents,...

What was the role of local history-writing in the early Islamic World, and why was it such a popular way of thinking about the past? In this innovative study, Harry Munt explores this understudied phenomenon. Examining primary sources in both Arabic and Persian, Munt argues that local history-writing must be situated within its appropriate historical contexts to explain why it...

The global economic environment is evolving at an unprecedented pace, with technological advancements, geopolitical shifts, and climate change reshaping the way economies function. Islamic countries, rich in natural resources and cultural heritage, are uniquely positioned to navigate these changes. However, many of these nations face challenges such as political instability, economic diversification, and infrastructural deficits. The Economic Potential of Islamic...

The literature on Islamic political thought utilises a methodology whose typical characteristic is the arbitrary use of religious, philosophical and political perspectives, as if the differences among them have no effect. This amounts to the theologising or philosophising of works of Islamic political theory written as responses to social, economic and political dynamics, as if they were written as general...

Stoning as Punishment in Early Islam explores some of the contingencies that contributed to the process by which death by lapidation (rajm)—stoning—became a standard punishment for illicit sexual intercourse (zina) for certain schools in the Islamic legal tradition. Syed Atif Rizwan examines stoning through a critical analysis of the transmission history and textual content of key hadith, as well as...

This book examines how seven major classical Islamic thinkers, from Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī to Taqī al-Dīn Ibn Taymiyya, developed distinctive metaphysical and theological worldviews that continue to shape how Muslims might engage questions of science and religion today. Each thinker represents a unique school within the broader Islamic intellectual tradition, from the rationalism of the Muʿtazilīs and the philosophical vision...

This book studies the relationship between political thought, preaching and emotions through the writings of Ibn al-Jawzi (d. 1201), a celebrated hortatory preacher in late-Abbasid Baghdad. Through an intertextual analysis of Ibn al-Jawzi's works in various genres, Preaching Pious Rulership in Medieval Islam details how his ideal form of rulership reflected the emotional norms and pietistic moral virtues promoted in...

Modern Trends in Islamic Economy: Philanthropy, Finance and Marketing Innovations explores the dynamic evolution of Islamic economy, highlighting its adaptability in addressing global challenges through the convergence of traditional values and modern innovations. The book provides comprehensive insights into how Islamic principles inform philanthropy, finance, and marketing, emphasizing their transformative potential as tools for ethical innovation, sustainable development, and inclusive...

Do Islamic financial institutions perform better than their Western counterparts during periods of financial stress? How do Islamic financial institutions manage risk, given their unique characteristics and the need for Shari'ah compliance? Islamic Banking and Financial Crisis looks at the challenges for Islamic financial institutions in an international post-Basel II system where banks are required to have more capital and...

Islam and Constructive Interreligious Engagement explores how the Islamic tradition both creates space for and resists constructive inter-religious dialogue. In this book, Adis Duderija examines the conditions necessary for inter-religious dialogue, comparative theological learning, and theological growth within an Islamic context. Applying the writings of Catherine Cornille, Duderija presents fresh discussions of the Qur'an, hadith, and orthodox Islamic doctrines such...

Focusing on Indonesia and Malaysia, Islam and Colonialism examines how European colonial and Islamic modernising powers operated in the common and parallel domains of government and politics, law and education in the first half of the twentieth century. The book demonstrates that colonialisation was able to coexist with Islamisation, arguing that Islamic movements were not necessarily antithetical to modernisation, nor...

Aligning Heaven and Earth in Early Islam focuses on the construction of historical knowledge during the first centuries of Islam (7th-10th centuries CE) and sheds light on the much-neglected genre of astrological histories. It contends that astrologers played a significant, albeit totally overlooked, role in the making of Islamic historiography. The volume documents a unique moment in historical writing and...

Carpets made in the "Rug Belt"—an area that includes Morocco, North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and northern India—have been a source of fascination and collecting since the 13th century. This engaging and accessible book explores the history, design techniques, materials, craftsmanship, and socioeconomic contexts of these works, promoting a better understanding and appreciation of these frequently misunderstood pieces....

The teachings, style and impact of the Qur'an have always been matters of controversy, among both Muslims and non-Muslims. But in a modern context of intercultural sensitivity, what the Qur'an says and means are perhaps more urgent questions than ever before. This book by one of the world's finest Islamic scholars responds to that urgency. Building on his earlier ground-breaking...

Each of the major Islamic holidays, festivals, and special days includes unique traditions and customs. During the month of Ramadan, Muslims fast during the day. At the end of Ramadan, the festival of Eid al-Fitr is a celebration with feasts and acts of kindness. During Eid al-Adha, many Muslims pray together at sunrise and share special foods and gifts with...

Find out all about the world of Islam in this friendly first look at religion. A World of Faiths: Islam takes a positive and celebratory look at Islam, exploring how it began, its core beliefs, ways of worship, important festivals, and more. Friendly, accessible text is complemented by a bright, colourful design and images that show Islam in the real...

This collection explores the dynamic place of Muslim visual and expressive culture in processes of decolonisation across the African continent. Presenting new methodologies for accentuating African agency and expression in the stories we tell about Islamic art, it likewise contributes to recent widespread efforts to decolonise the art historical canon. The contributors to this volume explore the dynamic place of...

The Qur'an, believed by Muslims to be the word of God, was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad 1400 years ago. Recognised as the greatest literary masterpiece in Arabic, the sacred text has nevertheless remained difficult to understand in its English translations. First published in 2004, M.A.S. Abdel Haleem's translation has been acclaimed for its success in avoiding archaism and cryptic...

Shi'i Islam and Sufism is published by I.B. Tauris in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies. Offering new perspectives on the relationship between Shi'is and Sufis in both modern and pre-modern times, this book challenges the supposed opposition between these two esoteric traditions in Islam. It explores what could be called "Shi'i Sufism" and "Sufi-oriented Shi'ism" at various points...

This work is intended to help readers gain a clear idea of the Qur'anic worldview, particularly the articles of Islamic faith, the God-man relationship, religious duties, and the Islamic value system. It brings into sharper focus the God-oriented life as prescribed by Islam. The Qur'an: Essential Teachings by Abdur Raheem Kidwai provides readers with an insightful exploration of these significant...

This new rendering of the Holy Quran into the English language is the first of its kind, as it is a combination of translation and exegesis. The author 'opens out' the verses of the Holy Book to reveal some of the layers of meaning expounded by the Prophet and transmitted through the ages by the Prophet's companions, family, and the...

The Muslim world is tremendously rich and diverse, yet few Westerners are familiar with the writings and teachings of a culture that is at the forefront of world events. In their insightful anthology The Middle East and Islamic World Reader, historians Marvin E. Gettleman and Stuart Schaar have assembled a broad selection of documents and contemporary scholarship to give a...

This book covers the recent literature concerning Islamic banking and finance (IBF), focuses on the history of IBF since its inception and introduces the latest innovative concepts and practices in the field. The authors cover important topics such as the role of ownership, Shari`ah compliance and governance structures in raising debt capital using IBF practices, including Fatwa issues and the...

The early Arab conquests pose a considerable challenge to modern-day historians. The earliest historical written tradition emerges only after the second half of the eighth century—over one hundred years removed from the events it contends to describe—and was undoubtedly influenced by the motives and interpretations of its authors. Indeed, when speaking or writing about the past, fact was not the...

Since the beginnings of this century, western scholars have become familiar with Ignaz Goldziher's hypothesis concerning canonical hadith literature — that religious literary genre of Islam, second in holiness to the Qur’an, which allegedly comprises faithful accounts of what the Prophet of Islam said and did. Goldziher rejected this allegation and maintained that the Hadith reflects, in the first instance,...

First published in 2005, this book addresses the challenges arising from Christian-Muslim encounter and attempts to enable outsiders to understand the religion of Islam. The author offers distinctive perspectives that complement much other literature in the study of Islam and, in particular, Christian-Muslim relations and the relation of Islam and the West. Routledge Revivals: The Challenge of Islam is divided...

First published in 2005, Routledge Revivals: The Challenge of Islam addresses the challenges arising from Christian-Muslim encounter and attempts to enable outsiders to understand the religion of Islam. The author offers distinctive perspectives that complement much other literature in the study of Islam, particularly in relation to Christian-Muslim relations and the relation of Islam and the West. The book is...

Jakarta-based Andreas Harsono is one of the most knowledgeable, experienced, high-profile, and courageous reporters and commentators on contemporary Indonesian society. Race, Islam and Power: Ethnic and Religious Violence in Post-Suharto Indonesia is the result of Harsono's fifteen-year project to document how, in post-Suharto Indonesia, race and religion have come to be increasingly prevalent within the nation's politics. From its westernmost...

This ethnography of Muslim life among the Kazaks of Central Asia describes the sacralisation of land and ethnic identity, local understanding of Islamic purity, the Kazak ancestor cult and domestic spirituality, and pilgrimage to the tombs of Sufi saints.

The Prophet Muhammad – acknowledged by his followers to have been the hand with which God wrote his definitive Word enshrined in the Koran – was born into the Quraishi tribe at Mecca around 570 AD and died in Medina in 632 AD. The great religion founded on that Word, which first claimed the submission (Islam) of the Arabs, rapidly...

The story of Islam is not one story, but many stories involving peoples of different races, ethnicities, and cultures. Every religious tradition is marked by internal diversity, manifested through its various communities of interpretation. Islam likewise is multifaceted, as are Muslim life and faith. Living Islam invites readers to appreciate ways in which Muslims from diverse backgrounds and traditions interpret...

What Is Islam? How do we grasp a human and historical phenomenon characterised by such variety and contradiction? What is "Islamic" about Islamic philosophy or Islamic art? Should we speak of Islam or of islams? Should we distinguish the Islamic (the religious) from the Islamicate (the cultural)? Or should we abandon "Islamic" altogether as an analytical term? In What Is...

A groundbreaking comparative study that illuminates the connections between the Qur'ān and the Bible While the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament are understood to be related texts, the sacred scripture of Islam, the third Abrahamic faith, has generally been considered separately. Noted religious scholar Gabriel Said Reynolds draws on centuries of Qur'ānic and Biblical studies to offer rigorous and...

The Qur'an is God's word. It was revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the Angel Gabriel 1,400 years ago and has been preserved in its original form ever since. It guides humankind to the Islamic creed and legislation, informs them of the stories of earlier prophets and their communities, and calls people to believe in Allah, the One. Millions of people...

This book explains the aspirations and concerns of Islamist actors in the aftermath of the Arab Uprisings by looking at two sets of relationships: between Turkey’s ruling AKP and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, and between the AKP and Tunisia’s Ennahda. It presents a unique analysis of the interplay between the AKP, Ennahda and the Muslim Brotherhood, characterizing the actors, the...

What happens when authorities you venerate condone something you know is wrong? Every major religion and philosophy once condoned or approved of slavery, but in modern times, nothing is seen as more evil. Americans confront this crisis of authority when they erect statues of Founding Fathers who slept with their slaves. Muslims faced it when ISIS revived sex-slavery, justifying it...

Imam Nawawi's commentary on Sahih Muslim is one of the most highly regarded works in Islamic thought and literature. Accepted by every Sunni school of thought, and foundational in the Shaafi school, this text, available for the first time in English, is famed throughout the Muslim world. After the Qur'an, the prophetic traditions are the most recognised source of wisdom...

Imam Nawawi's commentary on Sahih Muslim is one of the most highly regarded works in Islamic thought and literature. Accepted by every Sunni school of thought, and foundational in the Shaafi school, this text, available for the first time in English, is famed throughout the Muslim world. After the Qur'an, the prophetic traditions are the most recognised source of wisdom...

Imam Nawawi's commentary on Sahih Muslim is one of the most highly regarded works in Islamic thought and literature. Accepted by every Sunni school of thought, and foundational in the Shaafi school, this text, available for the first time in English, is famed throughout the Muslim world. After the Qur'an, the prophetic traditions are the most recognised source of wisdom...

Author Reza Aslan, an internationally acclaimed scholar of comparative religions, has crafted an accessible and fascinating introduction to Islam in this young adult nonfiction work. Engaging, accessible, and thought-provoking, No god but God is a persuasive, elegantly written, and accessible introduction for young readers to a faith that for much of the West remains shrouded in ignorance and fear. Adapted...

A compelling book that casts the Qur'anic encounter with Jews in an entirely new light. In this panoramic and multifaceted book, Meir Bar-Asher examines how Jews and Judaism are depicted in the Qur'an and later Islamic literature, providing needed context to those passages critical of Jews that are most often invoked to divide Muslims and Jews or to promote Islamophobia....

The first modern state to be founded in the name of Islam, Pakistan was the largest Muslim country in the world at the time of its establishment in 1947. Today it is the second-most populous, after Indonesia. Islam in Pakistan is the first comprehensive book to explore Islam's evolution in this region over the past century and a half, from...

Recent events have made an understanding of the turmoil in the Middle East more important than ever. In these essays, Bernard Lewis, a leading expert on Islam, provides essential background on Middle Eastern conflicts with the West. He demonstrates how Islam—from its first expansion to its interpretation by Saddam Hussein and other extremists—has always been inextricably linked to the Western...

The beauty of Islamic geometric designs, and the breathtaking skill of the craftsmen who created them, are admired the world over. The intricacy and artistry of the patterns can seem almost beyond the powers of human ingenuity. In this handsomely illustrated volume, artist and teacher Eric Broug analyses and explains these complex designs for the first time in their historical...

This book is the fruit of twenty years' reflection on Islamic charities, both practically and as a key to understanding the crisis in contemporary Islam. On the one hand, Islam is undervalued as a moral and political force, whose admirable qualities are epitomised in its strong tradition of charitable giving. On the other hand, it suffers from a crisis of...

Islamic Architecture is a richly informative and visually packed sourcebook demonstrating and explaining the function and worldwide appeal of Islamic architecture. Islamic architecture dates back 1,400 years and continues to reinvent itself up to the present day. The enormous richness of building types, regional styles, and architectural details is revealed here by a well-travelled expert guide. The book explores both...

Indigenous Australians are increasingly finding in Islam the possibility of reconnection with lost Indigenous traditions and a model of community unavailable elsewhere. But this is not a new story. From the Makassan trepang fisherman of Arnhem Land, the Malay pearl-divers of Broome, through the Afghan camel drivers of the interior, Muslims have lived and worked in Australia for over three...

Heidegger, Ontology, and the Destiny of Islam: Thoughts and Reflections on the Nature of Islam in the World critiques Islam as a phenomenon set into motion from its beginning. It is a reflective work that addresses difficult questions about Islam through familiar historical concerns and grapples with the issues that arise in that process. Notably, it attests to making no...

Louis Cartier (1875-1942), the grandson of Cartier founder Louis-Francois, was an impassioned collector and lover of the arts. He was particularly entranced by Islamic arts, especially Persian book arts, geometric shapes and colour combinations, and its motifs and exotic colour palette are apparent in Cartier jewellery to this day. However, it was his younger brother Jacques - an expert in...

Among the most beautiful and precious textiles in the world, carpets from Islamic lands have been treasured for centuries on nearly every continent. Prized by European monarchs and traded as far afield as Tibet and the Americas, these woven and knotted masterpieces are both distinguished works of art and revealing utilitarian objects that offer a rare glimpse of life in...

Qureshi promotes a moderate and inclusive view of contemporary Islam, with the intellectual underpinnings to support it. - Booklist, Starred Review Accessible introduction to Islam and the Qur’an that explains how Muslims live and avoids the extremes of Orthodoxy and Islamophobia. The truths of every religion are typically challenged and re-written, serving as potent grounds for some of history’s most...

This valuable reference work synthesises and elucidates traditional themes and issues in Islamic philosophy as well as prominent topics emerging from the last twenty years of scholarship. Written for a wide readership of students and scholars, The Routledge Companion to Islamic Philosophy is unique in including coverage of both perennial philosophical issues in an Islamic context and also distinct concerns...

The story of how Arab editors of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries revolutionised Islamic literature. Islamic book culture dates back to late antiquity, when Muslim scholars began to write down their doctrines on parchment, papyrus, and paper, and then to compose increasingly elaborate analyses of, and commentaries on, these ideas. Movable type was adopted in the Middle East...

Over the last 1,400 years, a succession of Muslim polities and empires expanded to control territories and peoples stretching from southern France to East Africa and South East Asia. Yet many of the contributions of Muslim thinkers, scientists and theologians, not to mention statesmen and soldiers, have been overlooked. The bestselling Lost Islamic History, now in a new updated edition,...

What do you do when divine law and the justice demanded by your conscience clash? Muslims have wrestled with this problem since the earliest caliphates. The mazalim courts, dating back to the eighth century, were the answer: courts where any subject could appeal directly to an Islamic ruler regarding any matter of justice. Mazalim courts, which were not bound by...

Have tons of fun with this sticker book that takes you through what life was like in the Islamic empires that ruled the world! The Amazing Islamic History Sticker Book covers the Rashidun Caliphate, the Ummayids, the Abbasids, Muslim Spain, the Seljuks, the Mamluks, the Ayyubids, Muslims in China, the Mughals, the Aceh Sultanate and the Ottomans. It contains over...

An accessible introduction to the quintessential art form of the Islamic world How to Read Islamic Calligraphy explores the preeminence of the written word as a means of creative expression throughout the Islamic world. Aimed at a general audience, the book introduces all five major Islamic calligraphic script types, demonstrates their distinctive visual characteristics, and explains the various contexts in...

Education has always been an important pursuit in Islam. The Prophet Muhammad enjoined his followers to “seek knowledge, even unto China.” Within the religion, educational theory and practice were founded on the work of itinerant teachers who taught the fundamental tenets of the faith in exchange for lodging and other services; Qur’anic schools where masters of the Qur’an tutored pupils;...

Imam Nawawi's collection of forty-two hadith brings together some of the most important and pivotal Prophetic traditions. Each tradition encapsulates a great rule of the religion of Islam, described by Islamic religious scholars as an "axis" in Islam. The commentary of the great hadith master Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Daqiq al-'Id is simple but erudite. Mokrane Guezzou is a well-known translator...

An accessible and accurate translation of the Quran that offers a rigorous analysis of its theological, metaphysical, historical, and geographical teachings and backgrounds. It includes extensive study notes, special introductions by experts in the field, and is edited by a top modern Islamic scholar, respected in both the West and the Islamic world. Drawn from a wide range of traditional...

This is the first account in English of how Islamic religious orders dating back to Ottoman times have risen to dominate and define the future of Turkey, Europe's awkward neighbour and the major power in the Eastern Mediterranean. Given its determined programme of secularising the people both under and after the Atatürk regime, Turkey is often projected as a model...

Who really built Europe's finest Romanesque monuments? Clergymen presiding over holy sites are credited throughout history, while highly skilled creators remain anonymous. But the buildings speak for themselves. This groundbreaking book explores the evidence embedded in medieval monasteries, churches and castles, from Mont Saint-Michel and the Leaning Tower of Pisa to Durham Cathedral and the Basilica of Santiago de Compostela....

"A civil but honest dialogue. As illuminating as it is fascinating."- Ayaan Hirsi Ali Is Islam a religion of peace or war? Is it amenable to reform? Why do so many Muslims seem to be drawn to extremism? And what do words like jihadism and fundamentalism really mean? In a world riven by misunderstanding and violence, Sam Harris—a famous atheist—and...

The Arab revolutions of 2011 were a transformative moment in the modern history of the Middle East, as people rose up against long-standing autocrats throughout the region to call for 'bread, freedom and dignity'. With the passage of time, results have been decidedly mixed, with initial success stories like Tunisia contrasting with the emergence of even more repressive dictatorships in...

Today, genocide has almost entirely lost its meaning. Either its occurrence is denied into oblivion, or its frequency allows it to fall on stone-deaf ears in a world on fire. As our newsfeeds inundate us with the agony of the Palestinians, the Rohingyas, the Uighurs, and a seemingly endless list of minority, marginalised communities, where does one draw the line?...