Lords of all the World

The rise and fall of modern colonial empires have had a lasting impact on the development of European political theory and notions of national identity. Lords of all the World is the first book to compare theories of empire as they emerged in, and helped to define, the great colonial powers: Spain, Britain, and France.

Anthony Pagden describes how the rulers of these three countries adopted the claim of the Roman Emperor Antoninus to be "Lord of all the World." Examining the arguments used to legitimate the seizure of aboriginal lands and the subjugation of aboriginal peoples, he shows that each country developed identities—and the political languages to express them—that were sometimes radically different.

Until the early eighteenth century, Spanish theories of empire stressed the importance of evangelisation and military glory. These arguments were challenged by the French and British, who increasingly justified empire building by invoking the profit to be gained from trade and agriculture. By the late eighteenth century, the major thinkers in all three countries, and increasingly in the colonies themselves, came to regard their empires as disastrous experiments in human expansion: costly, over-extended, and based on demoralising forms of brutality and servitude.

Pagden concludes by examining how this hostility to empire was transformed into a cosmopolitan ideal that sought to replace all world empires with federations of equal and independent states.