James Hardy Vaux's 1819 Dictionary of Criminal Slang and Other Impolite Terms as Used by the Convicts of the British Colonies of Australia with Additional True Stories, Remarkable Facts and Illustrations

In the early 1800s, magistrates in the Australian colonies were often frustrated by the language used by reoffending convicts to disguise their criminal activities and intentions. Convict clerk James Hardy Vaux came up with a useful idea: a dictionary of slang and other terms used by convicts. And so, in 1812, he compiled what was to be Australia’s first published dictionary.

With words such as fence (a receiver of stolen goods), flesh-bag (a shirt), flip (to shoot); galloot (a soldier), kid (a child thief), knuckle (to pickpocket), ramp (to rob out in the open), ruffles (handcuffs), screw (a skeleton key), serve (to rob), stamps (shoes) and wrinkle (a lie), Vaux’s dictionary is a fascinating account of convict language, including the origins and early usage of several words that have evolved to become part of Australian English today. Simon Barnard’s illustrations and supporting accounts of individual convicts and their criminal antics complement this lively picture of Australia’s convict history.

James Hardy Vaux was born in 1782 in Surrey, England. He was transported to Australia for seven years for stealing a handkerchief. On the voyage back to London, he was employed writing the King’s log, but after committing further crimes he was transported again to New South Wales. He compiled his dictionary while in the Newcastle Penal Settlement, and soon after received a conditional pardon. There is no record of his death.