The Great Clear Out Sale: History & Military

From bestselling historian and Pulitzer Prize finalist H.W. Brands, comes a revelatory history of the shocking emergence of vicious political division at the birth of the United States. To the framers of the Constitution, political parties were a fatal threat to republican virtues. They had suffered the consequences of partisan politics in Britain before the American Revolution and wanted nothing...

A passionate history of a world unfolding across many continents and five centuries by one of our greatest and internationally bestselling historians. A passionate history of Judaism; a world unfolding across many continents and five centuries by one of our greatest and internationally bestselling historians. Belonging is a magnificent cultural history abundantly alive with energy, character and colour. From the...

Operation Biting, crafted by the esteemed author Max Hastings, is a riveting historical account that delves into one of World War II's most audacious and successful commando raids. Set in the cold winter of February 1942, this gripping narrative presents an intricate tapestry of daring military strategy and human bravery. The Allies were faced with a perplexing conundrum: a powerful...

WINNER OF THE EDGAR AWARD FOR BEST FACT CRIME SHORTLISTED FOR THE ANDREW CARNEGIE MEDAL FOR EXCELLENCE IN NON-FICTION SHORTLISTED FOR THE CWA ALCS GOLD DAGGER FOR NON-FICTION NOW A MAJOR MOTION PICTURE DIRECTED BY MARTIN SCORSESE STARRING LEONARDO DICAPRIO AND ROBERT DE NIRO ‘A riveting true story of greed, serial murder and racial injustice’ – JON KRAKAUER ‘A fiercely entertaining...

Enemies and Neighbours by Ian Black is a masterful, comprehensive exploration of the century-long conflict between Jews and Arabs over the Holy Land. Starting from the defeat of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of British colonial rule in 1917, the narrative delves into the intricate and turbulent history that has shaped modern-day Israel and Palestine. Black offers a compelling,...

Leadership in Turbulent Times by Doris Kearns Goodwin is a masterful exploration of leadership through the lens of four American presidents: Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Lyndon B. Johnson. In her magnum opus, Goodwin delves into the lives of these iconic figures, examining how they navigated through periods of immense challenge and turbulence. Through meticulous research and...

A lively cultural history of the book from a charmingly idiosyncratic bookseller 'The right book has a neverendingness, and so does the right bookshop.' This is the story of our love affair with books, whether we arrange them on our shelves, inhale their smell, scrawl in their margins, or just curl up with them in bed. Taking us on a...

In this urgent and compelling book, Julie M. Norman and Maia Carter Hallward tell the story of Gaza from its early foundations, across decades of occupation, to the devastation of the ongoing war. Rather than focusing on elites or abstract politics, at the book's heart are ordinary Gazans — students, aid workers, journalists, and teachers — whose first-hand testimonies vividly...

“From the helicopter I could see the property's waterholes surrounded by paperback trees, its red-stone cliffs lit by the rising sun. And grass, endless seas of grass. Here was the vision splendid—Nat Buchanan's grass castle. Gurindji country. And my country, Australia.” This is big country, the outback, home to the largest cattle and sheep stations in the world. Yet few...

Few years can justly be said to have transformed the earth—1914 did. In July that year, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Britain, and France were poised to plunge the world into a war that would kill or wound 37 million people, tear down the fabric of society, uproot ancient political systems, and set the course for the bloodiest century in human history....

The new bestseller that shows why everything we thought we knew about history was wrong. 'The most brilliant historian of his generation' – The Times Most history is hierarchical — it's about popes, presidents, and prime ministers. But what if that's simply because they create the historical archives? What if we are missing equally powerful but less visible networks —...

The extraordinary story of Rome told through one of the world's once most ubiquitous objects - coins. The extraordinary story of ancient Rome, history's greatest superpower, as told through humankind's most universal object - the coin. When Gareth Harney was first handed a Roman coin by his father as a child, he became entranced by its beauty, its permanence, and...

New to Penguin Classics For more than two thousand years, Sun-tzu's The Art of War has provided leaders with essential advice on battlefield tactics and management strategies. An elemental part of Chinese culture, it has also become a touchstone for the Western struggle for survival and success, whether in battle, in business, or in relationships. Now, in this crisp, accessible...

An original, revolutionary new social and scientific history, A History of the World in Six Plagues is a deeply reported, insightful account of humankind's battles with epidemic disease. Epidemic diseases enter the world by chance, but they become catastrophic by human design. With clear-eyed research and lush prose, A History of the World in Six Plagues shows that throughout history,...

If there's a more important or timely book in 2024, I'm yet to come across it. Five big shiny stars. GOOD READING MAGAZINE Samah Sabawi has written a story of courage and struggle. Her generosity is such that above all she has gifted us a story of love of family and country. TONY BIRCH The story of a family over...

An incredible and stirring story . . . a mix of competition, camaraderie as well as a larky sense of adventure . . . Down goes the flag. Smash goes the bottle. Shards of emerald glass and champagne spume catch the light. The race from Peking to Paris has begun. Spectator And it's Go, Go, Go . . . A...

Winner of the Jewish Book of the Year Award Israel: A Concise History of a Nation Reborn is an illuminating voyage into the heart of one of the world's most intriguing countries. Authored by Daniel Gordis, a prominent intellectual and insightful analyst of Israeli society as noted by The Forward, this remarkable narrative takes readers on an enthralling journey from...

From the New York Times bestselling author of Band of Brothers and D-Day comes Undaunted Courage, the definitive account of Lewis and Clark's exploration of the Louisiana Purchase, widely regarded as the most momentous expedition in American history and one of the great adventure stories of all time. Set in the early 19th century, Undaunted Courage chronicles the epic journey...

'A stunning book, a powerful investigation, utterly compelling,' James Holland, The Daily Telegraph, Five stars Ponar, Lithuania. 1944. The Nazis have enslaved Jewish men to exhume and incinerate the bodies of more than 70,000 Jews previously shot to death in the forest. Trapped in almost unimaginable horror, a group develop an audacious escape plan. Despite being guarded day and night,...

Since the inception of the Secret Service Bureau back in 1909, women have worked at the very heart of British secret intelligence - yet their contributions have been all but written out of history. Now, drawing on private and previously classified documents, leading historian Claire Hubbard-Hall brings their gripping true stories to life. From encoding orders and decrypting enemy messages...

Collapse by Jared Diamond is a profound and thought-provoking exploration into the rise and fall of great civilisations. Diamond investigates why some societies prosper while others collapse, providing a detailed analysis of the factors that have historically led to societal self-destruction. Through a riveting narrative, he delves into the mysteries surrounding the abandoned statues of Easter Island, the deserted remnants...

Operation Market Garden, the audacious Allied plan conceived in 1944, aimed to bring World War II to a swift conclusion by capturing key bridges leading to the Lower Rhine and beyond, right into the heart of Nazi Germany. The operation was groundbreaking, representing the largest airborne operation in history as American, British, and Polish paratroopers descended behind enemy lines. Field...

Upheaval by Jared Diamond is a transformative exploration into how nations face and overcome extreme crises. This gripping narrative draws from seven modern nations that have faced significant upheavals, revealing the processes by which they adapted and survived. From the dramatic forced opening of Japan to the Soviet invasion of Finland and the harrowing experiences under the Pinochet regime in...

A groundbreaking new perspective on catastrophes throughout human history, with vital lessons for our future. 'This book upended my understanding of the ancient world' — Zoë Schlanger, author of The Light Eaters 'Lizzie Wade is an exceptional journalist and a master storyteller' — Ed Yong, author of An Immense World The history of humanity is one of devastating, once-in-a-thousand-year events:...

The Grande Armée of Napoleon Bonaparte is widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest fighting forces ever deployed. With it, the French scored a streak of historic victories that gave them an unprecedented grip on power over the European continent. At its peak, it was made up of 680,000 men, a huge multinational force of officers, infantry and cavalry,...

An unrivalled account of turning points and breakthroughs in medical knowledge and practice, from ancient Egypt, India and China to the latest technology. Sickness and health, birth and death, disease and cure: medicine and our understanding of the workings of our bodies and minds are an inextricable part of how we know who we are. With the science of healing...

An authoritative history of the tank and the remarkable individuals who designed them and fought in them, from a former soldier and best-selling historian. Tanks are the ultimate embodiment of industrial age warfare. In the popular imagination, they represent both a terrifying beast of destruction and a potent symbol of liberation. The technology behind these war machines has evolved relentlessly,...

The first book to be published from the BBC's archive of forgotten voices and untold stories from the six years of World War Two. There was a German bomber flying right towards us - a Dornier, one of their biggest. It was so low we could see the pilot flying it and the gunner in the nose of the bomber...

The Great Wall of China – stretching from the arid rises of Gansu province to the cold waters of the Bohai Sea – remains an enduring symbol of Chinese might. And yet, for all its grandeur, the Wall also marks a vulnerability: an ever-present reminder of old battle lines and never-ending tension with China’s northern neighbours. Travelling by sacred mountains...

A rollicking, revelatory look at the tumult of the early 1990s and the rise of a new, more berserk America that birthed the Donald Trump Era. The New York Times Bestseller. A Barack Obama Summer Pick. When the Clock Broke is leagues more insightful on the subject of Trump's ascent than most writing that purports to address the issue directly....

The most important work on Alexander the Great to appear in a long time. Neither scholarship nor semi-fictional biography will ever be the same again. Engels at last uses all the archaeological work done in Asia in the past generation and makes it accessible. Careful analyses of terrain, climate, and supply requirements are throughout combined in a masterly fashion to...

Ever since this nation's inception, the idea of an open and ever-expanding frontier has been central to American identity. Symbolising a future of endless promise, it was the foundation of the United States' belief in itself as an exceptional nation—democratic, individualistic, forward-looking. Today, though, America has a new symbol: the border wall. In The End of the Myth, acclaimed historian...

Celebrating the 80th anniversary of VE Day, bestselling historians James Holland and Al Murray tell the unflinching story of the eight surrenders that brought victory to the Allies and ended the Second World War. Victory '45 tells the story of the extraordinary summer when the greatest conflagration the world had ever known finally came to an end after eight surrenders...

Civilization: How the West's six 'killer apps' transformed the history of the world Winner of the Estoril Global Issues Distinguished Book Prize 2013 If in the year 1411 you had been able to circumnavigate the globe and compare the dazzling civilizations of the Orient with Europe and North America, the idea that the West would dominate the Rest for most...

Explore the failures, mistakes and missed opportunities that shaped history in this new entry in the bestselling series. From the botched attempt to create a life-extending elixir that produced gunpowder, to the unsuccessful stint in medical school which led to a career in naturalism for Charles Darwin, to the missile detection system malfunction that almost sparked a nuclear war, the...

The Making of Auschwitz provides a chilling blueprint for genocide, uncovering the deadly architecture behind the largest mass murder factory in history. Commemorating 80 years since the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau, The Making of Auschwitz reveals the chilling construction of the largest mass murder factory in history. Drawing from hundreds of captured German documents, architectural plans, and key records from the...

At 8:15 a.m. on August 6th, 1945, the Japanese port city of Hiroshima was struck by the world's first atomic bomb. Built in the US by the top-secret Manhattan Project and delivered by a B-29 Superfortress, a revolutionary long-range bomber, the weapon destroyed large swaths of the city, instantly killing tens of thousands. The world would never be the same...

From actor, comedian, writer, and host of the hit history podcast SNAFU, Ed Helms brings you an absurdly entertaining look at history's greatest screwups, complete with lively illustrations. History contains a plethora of insane screwups—otherwise known as SNAFUs. Coined during World War I, SNAFU is an acronym that stands for Situation Normal: All F*cked Up. In other words, "things are...

A striking reappraisal of the beginnings of medicine, by one of the world's leading ancient historians. Medicine is one of the great fields of achievement of the Ancient Greeks. Hippocrates is celebrated worldwide as the father of medicine, and the Hippocratic Oath is admired throughout the medical profession as a founding statement of ethics and ideals. In the fifth century...

Why did Rome fall - and what can it teach us about the decline of the West today? A historian and a political economist investigate. Over the last three centuries, the West rose to dominate the planet. Then, suddenly, around the turn of the millennium, history reversed. Faced with economic stagnation and internal political division, the West has found itself...

A riveting account of Pearl Harbor and the five history-making days that followed. This gripping book dramatizes the extraordinarily compressed and terrifying period between the surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and Hitler's declaration of war on the United States. These five days transformed much of the world and have shaped our own experience ever since. Simms and Laderman's aim...

The first work to put forward a unified theory of how state and non-state threats now overlap and intersect. In 1993, a newly appointed CIA director warned that Western powers might have "slain a large dragon" with the fall of the USSR, but now faced a "bewildering variety of poisonous snakes." Since then, the dragons (state enemies such as Russia...

On 6 June 1944 when the allied armies landed on D-Day, the Second World War had already lasted almost five years. Yet many of the British and American troops who invaded Normandy were virgin soldiers, never before committed to battle. They quit summer England to face within hours a storm of machine-gun and mortar fire. They witnessed scenes, above all...

A myth-busting, page-turning history of the Battle of Britain History is swamped by patriotic myths about the aerial combat fought between the RAF and the Luftwaffe over the summer of 1940. In his gripping history of the Battle of Britain, Len Deighton drew on a decade of research and his own wartime experiences to puncture these myths and point towards...

"Michael Wolff... the shrewdest and most colourful chronicler of the Trump years," Sunday Times All or Nothing is the final chapter in Wolff's Fire and Fury series. With extraordinary behind-the-scenes access, it follows every turn of Donald Trump's third presidential campaign. In disgrace after the January 6 attack on the Capitol and sent into exile, Trump immediately sputters back to...

Taking us from the beginning of our story to the present day, A Cold Spell examines how ice has shaped our thoughts, actions, and societies – and what it means for us that it is rapidly disappearing from our planet. 'A warm-hearted tale of the bizarre, something to cuddle up with in the bleak midwinter . . . Astonishing' THE...

A gripping and authoritative account of the year that sealed the fate of the Nazis, from the bestselling historian. June 1944. Operation Bagration - the greatest defeat ever suffered by the German Armed Forces. More than two million Red Army soldiers, facing 500,000 German adversaries, finally avenged their defeat in Operation Barbarossa three years earlier. In the ensuing three weeks,...

A gripping, vivid account of Italy's disastrous experience of the Second World War. While staying closely aligned with Hitler, Mussolini remained carefully neutral until the summer of 1940. Then, with the wholly unexpected and sudden collapse of the French and British armies, Mussolini declared war on the Allies. This decision proved a horrifying miscalculation, dooming Italy to its own prolonged...

A gripping new collection from Max Hastings that puts you at the heart of the battle … Compelling — Daily Mail An unmissable read — Sunday Times Soldiers is a very personal gathering of sparkling, gripping tales by many writers, about men and women who have borne arms, reflecting bestselling historian Max Hastings’s lifetime of studying war. It rings the...

A Times History Book of the Year 2022 From the #1 bestselling historian Max Hastings, the heart-stopping story of the missile crisis Daily Telegraph The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis was the most perilous event in history, when mankind faced a looming nuclear collision between the United States and the Soviet Union. During those weeks, the world gazed into the abyss...

The iconic study of the Haitian revolution by one of the founding fathers of Caribbean scholarship, now in Modern Classics for the first time. In 1791, inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution, the slaves of San Domingo rose in revolt. Despite invasion by a series of British, Spanish and Napoleonic armies, their twelve-year struggle led to the creation...

In May 1940, the remnants of the French and British armies, broken by Hitler's blitzkrieg, retreated to Dunkirk. Hemmed in by overwhelming Nazi strength, the 338,000 men gathered on the beach were all that stood between Hitler and Western Europe. Crush them, and the path to Paris and London was clear. Unable to retreat any farther, the Allied soldiers set...

The second part of Hugh Thomas' magisterial history of the Spanish Empire. Charles V, Emperor of Europe and the New World, is the central figure in the second volume of Hugh Thomas's great history of the Spanish Empire. It begins with the return of the remnants of Magellan's expedition around the world in 1522 and ends with Charles's death in...

The dramatic, real-life stories of four young people caught up in the mass exodus of Shanghai in the wake of China's 1949 Communist Revolution—a precursor to the struggles faced by emigrants today. "A true page-turner... Helen Zia has proven once again that history is something that happens to real people." - New York Times bestselling author Lisa See Last Boat...

The creator of the award-winning podcast series The History of Rome and Revolutions brings to life the bloody battles, political machinations, and human drama that set the stage for the fall of the Roman Republic. The Roman Republic was one of the most remarkable achievements in the history of civilisation. Beginning as a small city-state in central Italy, Rome gradually...

From America's "Historian-in-Chief" (New York magazine), The Presidential Biographies boxed set—featuring the Pulitzer Prize-winning author's beloved and bestselling biographies No Ordinary Time, Team of Rivals, and The Bully Pulpit. After five decades of acclaimed studies of the presidency, Doris Kearns Goodwin stands as America's premier presidential historian. Now, for the first time, her three most esteemed books are collected in...

Tiger Tank (Icon) delves deep into the history and operation of the German Tiger I, the most feared battle tank of the Second World War. Renowned for its formidable 8.8cm gun and impenetrable defensive armour, the Tiger I was a technological marvel and a behemoth on the battlefield. This meticulously researched book offers readers an unprecedented look at the experience...

The Secret War by Max Hastings immerses readers in the shadowy realm of espionage and intelligence operations during the Second World War. Amidst the backdrop of global conflict, Hastings offers an enthralling account of the pivotal role that covert activities played in shaping the outcome of the war. This book delves into the intricate maze of espionage, codebreaking, and counterintelligence...

Dresden by Sinclair McKay is a powerful and evocative narrative that delves into one of World War II’s most controversial and tragic events – the Allied bombing of the German city of Dresden. This bestselling historian presents a gripping account that marks the 75th anniversary of this catastrophic episode. In February 1945, as the war in Europe neared its devastating...

Suddenly there is a blow to my face, I am hurled to one side. 'My child, I have to go with her!' I scream. But Dr Mengel is standing before me, whip raised. 'Maul halten, shut up!' His eyes gleam. Filled with fear I cower down. In 1943, as Nazi power swept across central Europe, Rosa, her husband Emanuel and...

SHORTLISTED FOR THE BAILLIE GIFFORD PRIZE FOR NON-FICTION 2023 WINNER OF THE CUNDILL HISTORY PRIZE 2023 SHORTLISTED FOR THE BRITISH ACADEMY PRIZE FOR NON-FICTION 2023 A BBC RADIO 4 BOOK OF THE WEEK Red Memory by Tania Branigan delves into the haunting and turbulent period of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, a decade that has left an indelible mark on the...

Shocking and raw first person accounts of the war in Ukraine, from a prize-winning independent journalist. LONGLISTED FOR THE 2024 MOORE PRIZE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS WRITING 'Read this book. Don't put it off until you'll supposedly be strong enough and ready for the reading. If you put it off, you'll find yourself defenseless in the face of evil.' - Svetlana...

November 1942 is an intimate history of the pivotal phase of World War Two. An intimate history of the most important month of the Second World War - perhaps the century - as experienced by those who lived through it, completely based on their diaries, letters and memoirs. At the beginning of November 1942, it looked as if the Axis...

From Rowland White, one of the leading voices in aviation non-fiction and the bestselling author of Vulcan 607, comes Harrier 809, the gripping and untold story of the Falklands War and the legendary 809 Squadron. This book is a thrilling read for those captivated by the history and heroics of aerial combat, particularly fans of Spitfire. April 1982. Argentina invades...

Empireland by Sathnam Sanghera is a groundbreaking exploration of how the British Empire has shaped modern Britain in ways that many of us have yet to fully understand. Through meticulous research and insightful analysis, Sanghera delves into the pervasive influence of imperialism on various facets of British life, from cultural identity and politics to the economy and social structures. Imperialism,...

Leading global experts provide a sweeping, empowering playbook to tackle what Yuval Harari has described as one of the biggest threats to humanity, for fans of Shoshana Zuboff's internationally bestselling The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. Your life online is their product. In the past, colonialism was a landgrab of natural resources, exploitative labour, and private property from countries around the...

Britain's War, the second volume of Daniel Todman's epic history of the Second World War, vividly recounts the pivotal moments and colossal struggles of Britain during the conflict. The narrative commences with the harrowing fall of Singapore in February 1942, an event marking one of the darkest days in British military history. This catastrophic defeat saw Britain's supposedly impregnable Asian...

A History of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2 by John Romer offers an enlightening and engrossing exploration into the heart of ancient Egyptian civilization. This volume takes readers on a meticulous journey from the construction of the Great Pyramid through to the zenith of the Middle Kingdom, unravelling the rich tapestry of Pharaonic culture and illuminating a period when writing flourished...

Ghost Empire by Richard Fidler is a breathtaking journey that weaves together the mesmerising history of the Byzantine Empire with a deeply personal father-son adventure. In 2014, Richard Fidler and his son Joe embark on a voyage to Istanbul, igniting a fascination with one of the most enigmatic civilisations in history. This book immerses readers in the grandeur and turmoil...

For thousands of years, we have been enthralled by tales of Troy and its legendary heroes. Figures like Achilles and Hector, Paris, and the famed beauty Helen continue to be some of the most enduring characters in art and literature. But did these titanic characters really walk the earth? Was there ever an actual siege of Troy? In In Search...

The War for the Seas by Evan Mawdsley provides a comprehensive exploration of maritime warfare during World War II from an international perspective, challenging conventional understandings of the conflict. This bold and authoritative history recounts the monumental struggle for control of the seas, which was pivotal to the outcome of the war. Through gripping narration and meticulous research, Mawdsley elucidates...

Not a Good Day to Die by Sean Naylor recounts the harrowing story of Operation Anaconda, the first major battle of the 21st century, fought in the treacherous terrain of Afghanistan's Shahikot Valley. At dawn on March 2, 2002, over 200 soldiers from the 101st Airborne and the 10th Mountain Divisions were airlifted into the valley, unaware that they were...

An international bestseller, covering 2 million years of human history in 250 pages, which proves that migration has always been essential to our survival. Humanity has often found itself on the precipice. We've survived and thrived because we've never stopped moving... In this eye-opening book, Johannes Krause, Chair of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Humanity, offers a...

An Economist Best Book of 2024 'Masterful and entrancing - this is big history at its best.' Professor Alice Roberts, author of Ancestors 'A real-life Indiana Jones takes readers on a dive through these underwater museums, revealing the sunken secrets of the past' The Times 'Fascinating... wonderful material, well researched and placed in its wider context' Spectator From a Bronze...

From SUNDAY TIMES BESTSELLING author Bettany Hughes 'A wondrous wonderful achievement' Stephen Fry   'Fascinating' Observer   'Thrilling' Guardian Their names still echo down the ages: The Great Pyramid at Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon. The Temple of Artemis. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia. The Mausoleum of Halikarnassos. The Colossus at Rhodes. The Lighthouse of Alexandria. The Seven...

First to Fight by Roger Moorhouse provides a compelling and definitive account of the German invasion of Poland that set off the chain of events leading to the Second World War. Moorhouse, a historian at the apex of his career, meticulously details this often-overlooked chapter of history, blending rigorous research with captivating prose. The book brings to light the harrowing...

SHORTLISTED FOR THE WOLFSON HISTORY PRIZE A SUNDAY TIMES PAPERBACK OF THE YEAR 'Magnificent . . . Important and hugely readable' - William Dalrymple, Financial Times 'A wildly ambitious and entertainingly lurid history' - James Barr, The Times 'A panoramic and thought-provoking account' - Guardian 'A winning portrait of seven centuries of empire, teeming with life and colour' - Sunday...

Poland by Adam Zamoyski offers an enthralling sweep through the vibrant and tumultuous history of a nation at the crossroads of Europe. In this fully revised and updated edition, readers will delve deep into the cultural, political, and social turmoils that have shaped Poland over the centuries. From its medieval roots, through its golden age as one of Europe’s largest...

The turbulent Tudor age never fails to capture the imagination. But what was it actually like to be a woman during this period? The Lives of Tudor Women by Elizabeth Norton provides an expansive exploration into the daily lives, struggles, and triumphs of women in the sixteenth century. This was a time when death in infancy or during childbirth was...

A History of the Samurai tells the complete story of Japan's legendary warrior class from beginning to end—an epic tale of intrigue, bloodshed, and bravery that is central to an understanding of the Japanese character and Japanese history. It describes in detail the core Samurai philosophy of Bushido, 'the way of the warrior', a complex code of conduct embracing ideals...