Guru to the World

From the Wolfson History Prize–winning author of The Man on Devil's Island, comes the definitive biography of Vivekananda, the Indian monk who shaped the intellectual and spiritual history of both East and West.

Few thinkers have had such an enduring impact on both Eastern and Western life as Swami Vivekananda, the Indian monk who inspired the likes of Freud, Gandhi, and Tagore. Blending science, religion, and politics, Vivekananda, though little known outside India, introduced Westerners to yoga and the universalist school of Hinduism known as Vedanta. His teachings fostered a more tolerant form of mainstream spirituality in Europe and North America and forever changed the Western relationship with meditation and spirituality.

Guru to the World traces Vivekananda's transformation from the son of a Calcutta-based attorney into a saffron-robed ascetic. At the 1893 World Parliament of Religions in Chicago, he fascinated audiences with teachings from Hinduism, Western esoteric spirituality, physics, and the sciences of the mind, while advocating for a more inclusive conception of religion and highlighting the evils of colonialism. In the West, Vivekananda gained many disciples, most prominently the Irish activist Margaret Noble, who disseminated his ideas despite much disdain for the wisdom of a "subject race." At home, Vivekananda challenged the notion that religion was antithetical to nationalist goals, conceiving of Hinduism as intimately connected with Indian identity.

Ruth Harris offers not just an arresting biography but also an intellectual and political history, showing how Vivekananda's thought spawned a global anticolonial movement and became a touchstone of Hindu nationalist politics a century after his death. In Harris's telling, the iconic monk emerges as a counterargument to Orientalist critiques that interpret East-West interactions as primarily instances of Western borrowing. As Vivekananda demonstrates, we must not underestimate Eastern agency in the global circulation of ideas.